If you want to contact us by snail mail please write to our editor:
Antonio Napolitano, P.O. Box 1099, 74100 Taranto Centro, ITALY.
Phone +39(0)338.988.49.79. Fax: +39 (0)99.736.77.32
NB: ALL TIPS REFER TO SEPTEMBER 1999 - LAST UPDATED: 5th October, 1999 at 17.00
Freq. Day UTC ITU Station, Language and Programme Details. SIO DXer 15170 01 1400-1404 ARS BSKSA, FF: Time pips, ID, Freqs, Summary of PXS, Quran 444 AN 15095 01 1430 PHI FEBC International, Manila, EE: ID, IS and S/OFF. 343 AN 21500 01 1434-1436 CHL R. Voz Cristiana, SS: ID, Address, Prayer. 343 AN 11860 01 2259-2312 INS RRI, Jakarta, BI: IS, ID and NX by a female announcer. 554 AN 4925 01 2315-2324 INS RRI, Jambi, BI: TK in // 11860 kHz. At 2318 NA?, local 353 AN ID, Pop songs. 11745 01 2332-2336 CHL R. Voz Cristiana, SS: ID, Freqs, Religious PX (Prayer) 433 AN 11815 01 2337-2340 B R. Brasil Central, PP: Soccer live commentary, Goaaal! 444 AN 4635 02 0015 TJK R. Dushanbe, EE: ID 333 RV 6940 02 0329-0333 ETH R. Fana, Amharic(?): S/ON with IS, ID, TK (NX?). 333 AN 9725 02 0343-0345 CTR AWR Latin America, SS: ID, Instrumental MX. 444 AN 4920 02 0405 EQA R. Quito, SS: Promo for R. Quito, ID, Freqs, TK. 333 AN 4895 02 0445 B R. IPB, Campo Grande, PP: PX "A Voz de Libertaçao" 232 RV 4774.9 02 0500 PRU R.Tarma, SS: sport PX. 232 RV 17895 02 2000-2004 QAT Qatar Broadcasting service, AA: Time Pips, ID, NX. 554 AN 3939 03 1932- PIR Jan Duin(?) - Dutch songs.... 232 BP 7465 03 1937- PIR R.Flamingo Int. via SWRS, EE: MX, ID. 333 BP 6245 04 0815-0816 PIR Level 48, EE: ID. 243 AB 7120 04 0825-0830 PIR Radio Sparks, EE: ID. 454 AB 6261 04 0927-0930 Unid, Caroline song 242 AB 7465 04 1309- PIR R.Flamingo Int. via SWRS, EE: Mx, ID. //11470U 232 BP 7465 04 1615- PIR Star Club R. via SWRS, EE: Mx, ID (DJ Roy Clarck) 333 BP 4850 04 1824 CMR CRTV Yaoundé,EE: NX, mention of Cameroon.At 1826 in FF 333 KR 5025 04 1830-1835 BEN R.Diffusion TV Parakou,FF: ID, African drums+flute MX. 344 KR 4836.2 04 1850 MLI R.Diffusion TV Malienne, VV: TK.// 5995, 4782.4, (252) 343 KR 3910 04 2120- PIR R.Korak Int., EE/DD: Mx, ID. 333 BP 3930 04 2125- PIR Laser Hot Hits, EE: rock MX, ID. // 6220. 232 BP 7465 05 0625- PIR Star Club R. via SWRS, EE/GG: Mx, ID. 333 BP 6220 05 0633- PIR Laser Hot Hits, EE: Mx, jingles, ID. 232 BP 6266 05 0638- PIR UK R.Int., EE: Mx, ID. 232 BP 6281 05 0706- PIR R.Tonair, EE: Mx, phone, ID. 232 BP 6199 05 0712- PIR Tentative, BBMS, - MX (Pink Floyd) 232 BP 6246 05 0736-0747 Unid, GG: German songs, TK, S/OFF 232 BP 6289 05 0906-0910 Unid (Farmers ??) - MX. 454 AB 6301 05 0907-0910 PIR Starclub Radio, GG: ID. 344 AB 7465 05 0908-0910 PIR SWRS, EE: Address. 242 AB 11470 05 0908-0910 PIR SWRS, EE: ID. USB mode. 353 AB 6260 05 0913-0921 Unid (Station SS??) EE: TK. 242 AB 6211 05 0927-0935 PIR XTC, EE: ID. 243 AB 6199 05 0948-0950 Unid (Ozone ??), EE: Oldie. 242 AB 6255 05 1000-1015 Unid (Pandora ??), EE: TK, Oldie. 242 AB 6289 05 1231- PIR Farmers from Holland, DD: Mx, ID. 232 AB 6035 08 0126 CLM Presumed, La Voz del Guaviare, SS: TK. P. DC 1380 08 0300 CHL R. Corporacion, SS: Full Id and comercials. 253 RV 4845 09 0047-0059 MRT R. Mauritanie, AA: TK, ID, arab MX. At 0059 S/OFF. ??? DC 9650 09 0115 URU Presumed, Emisora Ciudad de Montevideo, SS: TK : "..a P. DC favor de Uruguay...". 9680 09 1358-1401 PHI R.Veritas, EE/Bengali: ID in EE. At 1400 PX in Bengali 444 AN 11640 09 1459-1501 SEY FEBA, EE: S/ON with IS, ID, Summary of PXs. 444 AN 11690 09 1502-1505 JOR R. Jordan, EE: NX, ID, Pop songs presented by a woman. 554 AN 11930 09 1530-1534 GUM KSDA, AWR-Asia, EE: ID, MX, TK, PX avbout Internet. 433 AN 7520 09 2030-2235 MOL R. Moldova International, EE: IS, ID, NX. Bad audio. 554 AN 5020 09 2101 NGR La Voix du Sahel, Niamey, FF: ID. 354 AN 11824.9 10 1429-1437 CHN CRI, Xian, EE: TK on China's foreign policy, IDs. 243 MV 15475.7 10 1943-2004 ATN R. Nac. Arcangel San Gabriel, SS: Easy songs, TK, MX. 233 MV At 1954 pop MX. At 2003 short annmts. Bad modulation. 15820 10 2016-2045 ARG UNID via Argentinian Army transmitter, SS: TK, Adver- 243 MV tisement Latin American and pop MX. Getting weaker. 3904 10 2306-0043 PIR Level 48, EE: ID, hotline Chris Ise 343 AB 6219 10 2305-2307 PIR LHH, EE: ID. 344 AB 6245 11 0832-0900 PIR Level 48, GG: pop MX, ID. 344 AB 6282 11 0838-0845 Unid - Pop Oldies nonstop. 344 AB 6200 11 0853-0855 Unid (EMR ??), EE: RNI-tune. 344 AB 7120 11 0910-0915 PIR R. Am Meer Land, GG: ID. 454 AB 6294 11 0916-0920 Unid, EE/DD: Oldie telephone number. 354 AB 6275 11 0927-0943 PIR R. Doctor, EE: rock MX, ID. 354 AB 15425 11 1442-1501 CLN SLBC, EE: Easy MX. TK, Time Signal, ID, NX. Blocked by 233 MV Deutsche Welle shortly after 1500. // 9730 kHz. 4635 11 2350-2355 TJK R. Yangi-Yul, Tajik: TK, local MX. 343 SM 5020.7 12 2045-2048 NGR La Voix du Sahel, FF: MX, TK by OM: "...ici en Niger". 444 SM 3320 12 2100-2110 AFS R. Sonder Grense, Afrikaans: TK by YL, MX. 333 SM 5047 12 0000-0003 TOG R. Togo - NA and S/OFF: 343 SM 5745 12 0005-0007 USA WHRI, EE: TK: "live broadcasting... enjoy...", jazz MX 453 SM 5825 12 0010-0013 USA WEWN, EE: TK: religious PX. Reactiveted! 454 SM 6134.7 12 0014-0018 BOL R. Santa Cruz, SS: TK: "...hermanos...", Bolivian MX. 222 SM 6218.8 12 0020-0032 PIR Laser Hots Hits, EE: MX (oldies and TV music), TK. 343 SM 3345 12 0102-0104 IND AIR Jaipur - MX (song YM hindi). 343 SM 4790 12 0105-0107 PAK Azad Kashmir R. - MX (song chorus YL) 453 SM 4800 12 0108-0110 IND AIR Hyderabad, Hindi: TK. 343 SM 4830 12 0110-0116 VEN R. Tachira, San Cristobal, SS: TK, Song. 343 SM 4840 12 0117-0119 IND AIR Mumbay - mx (song YL). 444 SM 4920 12 0119-0121 IND AIR Chennai, Hindi: NX ".Congress..Pakistan.. Punjab." 443 SM 5010 12 0121-0123 IND AIR Thiravananthapuran, Hindi: NX "India... Timor...". 433 SM 5076.8 12 0124-0126 CLM Caracol, SS: colombian MX, TK "Tropical Caracol..." 443 SM 6184.9 12 0135-0146 MEX R. Educacion, SS: TK. Better in LSB mode. 423 SM 6260 12 0855-0900 PIR Level 48, GG: ID. 242 AB 6288 12 0856-0900 Unid (Farmers ??) Oldie 454 AB 6245 12 0859-0900 Unid - pop MX. 142 AB 7306 12 0900-0910 Unid - pop MX. LSB mode. 243 AB 11470 12 0901-0910 PIR R. Wonderful via SWRS, EE: ID. USB mode. 454 AB 6305 12 0906-0910 PIR R. Bluestar, DD: Falco, ID. 454 AB 6226 12 0911-0915 Unid Gronau promo-tape 233 AB 7485 12 0918-0920 PIR Level 48, EE: pop MX, ID. 233 AB 6275 12 0929-0935 Unid (Radio Monica ??) PO 6273 Enschede NL 233 AB 3335 12 2025 TWN CBS Taipei, CC: MX, TK. G. DC 9900 12 2040 CAF Tentative, R. Minurca, FF: TK, african MX. P. DC 1566 12 2220-2224 IND AIR Nagpur, Hindi: MX (song hindi YM), TK. 443 SM 6898.3 12 2305-2313 ISR Galei Zahal, Hebrew: TK, pop MX. AM mode not USB! 454 SM 4925 12 2318-2320 INS RRI Jambi, BI: NX, ID, TK. 444 SM 4835.2 12 2322-2328 MLI R. Mali, FF: pop MX, TK, ID "Ici Radio Mali". 454 SM 11955 13 2105-2116 ANG R. Nacional de Angola, PP: TK. G. DC 6115 13 2232 PRU R.Union,SS: ID "Radio Union, la mas potente del pais", P/F HN other stn's promos repeating "la mas potente del pais" 5100 16 2110 LIB R. Liberia Int., FF: NX followed by ID in EE. G. DC 4850 17 2312-2315 CMR R. Cameroun, FF: TK. 333 SM 5070 17 2315-2318 USA WWCR, Nashville, EE: TK on religion. 433 SM 6219 18 2118-2150 PIR Laser Hot Hits, EE: ID. 344 AB 3920 18 2120-2140 PIR R. Korak International, EE: ID. 454 AB 3930 18 2127-2130 PIR Laser Hot Hits, EE: pop MX, jingle. Not // 6219 kHz. 242 AB 3941 18 2129-2133 PIR R. Wonderful, GG: 5 years ID. 344 AB 3905 18 2131-2155 PIR Treasure Island Oldie Show, EE: Oldie, ID. 343 AB 3910 18 2142-2150 PIR Transatlantic, EE: ID. 333 AB 3905 18 2205-2210 PIR SWRS, EE: ID. 344 AB 5025 18 2220 BEN R. Parakou, FF: african mx, TK. G. DC 3925 18 2232-2240 PIR R. Borderhunter, EE: pop MX test, ID. 344 AB 4925 18 2234-2245 BOL Tentative, R. San Miguel, Riberalta, SS: TK. P. DC 3936 18 2355-2358 PIR R. Borderhunter, EE: pop MX, ID. 444 AB 6243 19 0825-0915 Unid (from UK?), EE: pop MX, TK. 243 AB 6266 19 0828-0915 PIR UK R., EE: pop MX, ID. 243 AB 6289 19 0829-0900 PIR Farmers from Holland, EE: ID. 454 AB 6300 19 0830-0900 PIR R. Borderhunter, EE: Oldie, ID. 333 AB 7465 19 0836-0845 PIR R. Pasteur, EE: ID. 253 AB 11470 19 0836-0845 PIR R. Pasteur, EE: ID. USB mode. 454 AB 6210 19 0846-0910 PIR R. Marabu, GG: indie MX, Nina Hagen, ID. 243 AB 6255 19 0858-0910 Unid (Pandora??), GG: Medien Siggi S 242 AB 6261 19 0913-0923 Unid, GG: Oldie. S/OFF. 242 AB 6300 19 0942-0944 PIR Zender Grenzlander, DD: QSO Borderhunter. 333 AB 6300 19 0949-0950 Unid, DD: QSO. 242 AB 6302 19 0952-0955 PIR R. Dr Tim, GG: ID, QSO. 243 AB 11470 19 1000-1010 PIR R. Metropolis, GG: ID. USB mode. 454 AB 7465 19 1125-1128 PIR R. Wonderful via SWRS, GG: Address, TK, german songs. 454 AN 4960.1 21 0202 DOM R.Villa La Sencilla, (ex Cima) Sto Domingo, SS: MX, ID 333 AR 6898 22 1940-2005 ISR Galei Zahal, Hebrew: pop songs. At 2000 full ID, NX ??? DC 4825.0 22 2133 B R. Cançao Nova, Cach Paulista, PP: TK, MX: //9675. 322 AR Apparently mixing with other Bras. Stn on this channel. 6249.2 22 2146 GNE R. Malabo, SS: TK, African drum mx, under terrible 322 AR utility qrm, only LSB readable. 4935 23 0520 B Tentative, R. Capixaba, PP: Religious sermon. P. DC 17630 23 1520-1526 GAB Africa nr. 1, FF: Interview with mention of "Africa 1" 554 AN 3960.3 23 1600 INS RRI, Palu, BI (?): MX, Song of Coconuts Islands, TK. 122 AR 7165 23 1630-1632 ETH R. Ethiopia, EE: ID, Time Chimes, NX. 333 AN 7100 23 1635-1700 UNID Voice of Broad Masses of Eritrea?, VV: TK, MX, TK 444 AN 9165 23 1716-1720 AZE R. Dada Gorgud, EE: ID, Song, ID. 454 AN 4920 23 1730-1735 IND AIR Chennai, EE: Time Pips, NX. At 1735 ID in Hindi. 343 AN 6100 23 1741-1755 BHC R. Yugoslavia, IT: NX on Kosovo. Heard under R. Tirana 322 AN 11725 23 2034 B R. Marumby, PP: religious TK, Christian MX. At 2044 ID 333 AR 11955 23 2100-2103 ANG R. Nacional Angola, PP: Time Pips, Time annmt, NX, ID. 333 AN 4830 23 2350-0015 VEN R. Tachira, San Cristobal, SS: MX, TK, ID, Sport. 444 SM 4875.1 24 0000-0005 BOL R. La Cruz del Sur, La Paz, SS: ID, TK, MX. 443 SM 4960.1 24 0006-0020 DOM R. Cima 100 (Now R. Villa! Ed.), SS: MX, ID, TK. 333 SM 4800 24 0035-0037 IND AIR Hyderabad, EE: NX. 444 SM 4930.6 24 0040-0044 HND Tentative, R. Costeña Ebenezer 12-20, SS: TK. 222 SM 5010 24 0047-0048 IND AIR Thiravananthapuran, Hindi: mx (chorus song), TK. 444 SM 6050 24 0054-0057 EQA HCJB La Voz de los Andes, SS: TK on sport, MX. 444 SM 3210 24 0103-0105 CTR R. Exterior de España via Cariari relay st, SS: NX, ID 333 SM 6184.9 24 0116-0120 MEX R. Educacion, TK on economy. 333 SM 3300 24 0515 GTM Tentative, R. Cultural - MX. P. DC 4820 24 0525 HND Tentative, La Voz Evangelica, SS: religious px. G. DC 15040 24 1629-1631 PHI FEBC, EE: ID and S/OFF. Formerly on 15095 kHz. 454 AN 4765 25 0406 B R. Rural, Santarem, PP: Brasilian MX, full ID, S/OFF. 433 AR 6210 25 1610- PIR R.Marabu, GG/EE: rock MX, ID. 333 BP 4925 25 1615-1635 INS RRI Jambi, BI: clear ID after NX. G. DC 21500 25 1831-1833 CHL R. Voz Cristiana, SS: ID, Salsa MX. 454 AN 6219 25 2134- PIR Laser Hot Hits, EE: pop MX, ID. // 3930 kHz. 333 BP 6233 25 2138- PIR R.Blackbeard, EE: dance MX,ID. 333 BP 3910 25 2146- PIR R.Korak Int., DD/EE: Mx, ID. 433 BP 3935 25 2151- PIR R.Wonderful, EE: Mx, ID, QTH. 232 BP 5020 26 0250 CLM R. Ecos del Atrato, SS: ID. P. DC 3360.5 26 0326 GTM Tentative, La Voz de Nahualà -Latin American MX. At P. DC 0332 blocked by a strong utility station. 6199 26 0716- Unid, EE: Phone, MX, TK. 232 BP 6304 26 0721- PIR R.Torenvalk, EE/DD: folk MX, jingle. 333 BP 6540 26 0727- PIR R.Brigitte Int., FF/EE: Mx, ID, QTH. 332 BP 6260 26 0732- Unid, EE?: Mx and TK. 232 BP 12256 26 0744- PIR Wrekin R.Int., EE: pop MX, ID. 333 BP 6210 26 0748- PIR Union R., EE/DD: Folk MX, ID. 333 BP 6288 26 0802- PIR Farmers from Holland, DD/EE: Mx, ID. 333 BP 6289 26 0854-0858 PIR Farmers of Holland, EE: ID. 454 AB 6306 26 0854-0900 PIR R. Bluestar, DD: pop MX, ID. 454 AB 6210 26 0855-0915 PIR Union R., DD: mx ID. 454 AB 11470 26 0858-0905 PIR Herold Christmas Music Service, EE: ID, Address. 354 AB 11401 26 0859- PIR R.Waves Int., EE: Mx, ID. 333 BP 7306 26 0859-0905 PIR R. Europe, IT?: ID. USB mode. 243 AB 7306U 26 0906- PIR R.Europe, IT/EE: Morning Show, ID. 333 BP 11470 26 0910-0915 PIR SWRS, EE: ID. USB mode. 354 AB 6251 26 0921-0925 Unid, (ED: What language was used?): TK. 132 AB 4753.5 26 1554 INS RRI, Ujung Pandang. Love Ambon guitar melody at S/OFF. 242 AR 4003.2 26 1557 INS RRI, Padang, Love Ambon guitar MX. Now signing off at 242 AR 1600 used to be later. 4940 26 1702 CLN SLBC, Comm Sce, - Very weak trace of NA at s/off. 141 AR 4902 26 1703 CLN SLBC, National Sce, - Very weak, trace of NA at s/off 141 AR 3390 26 1727 AFS BBC, World Sce, Meyerton, EE: 3 Note IS and ID. 232 AR 4874.9 26 2245 BOL R. La Cruz del Sur, SS: "El Chasqui Radial", ID. F RB 4765 26 2255 B Emissora Rural, Santarem, PP: MX, Full ID. G. RB 11635 27 0926-0947 PHI FEBC, EE: IS, IDs, S/on annmt, NX, Oldies MX. 343 MV 9725 27 1046 CTR Presumed, AWR, Cahuita, SS: TK and songs. P. MV 3976.1 27 1630 INS RRI, Pontianak, BI: Pop mx, TK, phone in. At 16.58 242 AR Ambon Guitar & s/off. No Budapest on 3975 today!! 4805 27 2330 B R. Dif. Amazonas, Manaus, PP: brasilian Pop MX, ID. G. RB 4925.9 28 0140 BOL R. San Miguel, Riberalta, SS: NX, ID. P/F RB 5019.8 28 0413-0417 CLM Ecos del Atrato, Quibdo, SS: TK (CARACOL PX lots of ID)343 MV 5054.9 28 0419 GUF RFO, Matoury, FF: relay of "France Inter", ID. //162. 444 MV 4918.9 28 0420-0424 EQA R. Quito, SS: ID, TK. 444 MV 4960.1 28 0425-0435 DOM R. Villa, Santo Domingo, SS: LA songs, jingles, ID. 444 MV 4990.9 28 0437 PRU Presumed, R. Ancash, Huaraz - Songs. CW-QRM at times. 242 MV 9595 29 0120 IND AIR Delhi, Ext Svc, - female singer. Low modulation G. HN 11620 29 0132 IND AIR, Subcont mx, ID by woman, TK. G. HN 6196 29 0154 PRU R. Cuzco, SS: TK "Dia del Amigo", "R. Cuzco" ID. F. HN 15140 29 1430-1437 OMA R. Oman, EE: Time Pips, ID, NX. 544 AN 540 29 1925-1935 E Onda Cero, Barcelona, SS: sport live px "...la liga." G. DC 6010.2 29 2345-0010 B R. Inconfidencia, Belo Horizonte, PP: sport live, ID. G. RB 6040 30 0020 B Probably R. Clube Paranaense, PP: Sport live. ??? RB 6034.9 30 0340-0350 CLM La Voz de Guaviare, SS: TK, ID, freqs. S/Off at 0350. 343 EB 6010.2 30 0608 MEX Tentative, R. Mil, SS: famous opera song, other songs, 232 EB annmt. 9645.1 30 0735-0745 B R.Bandeirantes, Sao Paulo, PP: TK, Jingles. At 0743 ID 242 MV 4950 30 1732-1735 IND AIR Srinagar, EE: NX. 433 AN 6985 30 1737-1747 CLA Voice Of People of Kurdistan, AA: ID, MX, TK, Arab MX. 433 AN 6920 30 1750-1756 UNID - non stop horn of Africa style MX. 454 AN 9780 30 1801-1805 YEM R. Sana'a, EE: NX. At 1805 western pop songs. 533 AN 4828 30 1807-1810 ZWE ZBC, EE: NX by a female speaker. 322 AN 4902 30 2255-2258 CLN SLBC, (Sinhala Service) - long religious chant. 343 SM 4925 30 2300-2302 INS RRI Jambi, BI: IS, ID, NX. 444 SM 4960 30 2302-2304 VTN R. Hanoi, Vietnamese: TK. 343 SM 5040 30 2305-2307 INS RRI Pekambaru, BI: TK. 333 SM Contributors: AB = Achim Brueckner, in Detmold (Germany). RX: NRD 525 GF ANT: ARA30, 20m LW. AN = Antonello Napolitano in Taranto (Italy). RX: ICOM IC R70. ANT: inverted "V". AR = Aart Rouw in Bühl (Germany). RX: AR 7030. ANT: 15m longwire. BP = Bruno Pecolatto in Pont Canavese (TO - Italy). RX: Kenwood R5000. ANT: Yaesu FRT7700 - 15m LW. DC = Daniele Canonica, (Switzerland). RX: JRC 535. ANT: 30m LW and MLB. EB = Erich Bergmann, in Ansbach (Germany) via Hard-Core-DX. RX: ?. ANT: ?. KR = Karl van Rooy in Valkenswaard (Netherlands) via Hard-Core-DX mailing list. RX: JRC NRD 535. ANT: 20m LW. HN = Horacio Nigro, in Montevideo (Uruguay). RX: ?. ANT: ?. MV = Mark Veldhuis (Netherlands) via hard-Core-DX mailing list. RX: AOR AR 7030. ANT: 20m long wire. RB = Renato Bruni, (Italy) via SW-ITA mailing list. RX: ?. ANT: ?. RV = Ruud Vos, in Utrecht (Netherlands) via Hard-Core-DX mailing list. RX: NRD 545. ANT: T2FD. SM = Salvo Micciche', in Scicli (Italy). RX: Kenwood R-5000, Sangean ATS909. ANT: 30m LW + MLB INTERNATIONAL DX NEWS URUGUAY: SODRE (Servicio Oficial de Difusion, Radiotelevision y Espectaculos), the Official Broadcasting Television and Entertainment Service, has opened a website: http://www.sodre.gub.uy/. Contents are in Spanish, but there appears the entire programme sked of their radio stations and other info pertaining the institution. There is an E-mail address also: info@sodre.gub.uy Thanks alert received via the "Radioactividades" gang. (Horacio Nigro, in Montevideo, Uruguay). QSL IMPORT/EXPORT CANADA; CHFX Halifax verified in less than a month with personal letter and QSL letter, v/s Scott Snailham, Production Assistant, e@mail: snarfdude@hotmail.com He says that the power of tx is now 50W !!! Address: 5121 Sackville St., 3rd Floor, P.O.Box 400, Halifax NS, B3J 2R2 Canada (Daniele Canonica, switzerland via HCDX). -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------ END OF DX FANZINE nr. 08 ------------------------------